Chemiluminescent Ammonia Fountain
Crystallization from Supersaturated Solutions of Sodium Acetate
Density and Miscibility of Liquids
Electrical Conductivity of Liquids and Solutions
Osmotic Pressure of a Sugar Solution
Vapor Pressure of Solutions: Raoult’s Law
A Visual Demonstration of Raoult’s Law
Water Softening – Hard and Soft Water With Soap
Clean Air With the Cottrell Precipitator
Color of Sunset: The Tyndall Effect
Getting Colder: Freezing Point Depression
Getting Hotter: Boiling Point Elevation by Nonvolatile Solutes
Salting Out: Making Liquids Immiscible
Volume Increase Upon Neutralization
Volume Decreases Upon Mixing
Two photos, each with three stoppered flasks. The first photo shows a labeled flask with clear liquid in front of a blue background, an empty flask with a black band, a labeled flask with another clear liquid. In the second photo, the flask with the black band has cloudy liquid. The remaining two flasks are empty.
Description: When ethanol and water are mixed, the volume of the mixture is less than the sum of the volumes of the individual liquids but is equal to the expected volume for a solution of its given density.
Source: Shakhashiri, B.Z. Chemical Demonstrations: A Handbook for Teachers of Chemistry
Year: 1989 Vol: 3 Page: 225
Keywords: Volume of mixing, Water, Ethanol
Rating: 
Hazard: Some
- Flammability hazard
- Mild toxicity hazard
- Electric shock hazard
Effectiveness: Good
- Good connection from demo to course material
- Somewhat noticeable contrast between behavior of systems
- Low failure rate
- Results are not easily perceived
- Time to results is medium
Difficulty: Medium
- Procedures with some intermediate steps to results
- Demos in which a display is used
- Careful manipulation is required
- Volume dependent addition for proper results
Safety Precautions:
- Eye protection required
- Gloves required
- Absorbent material on hand
- No open flames
- ABC fire extinguisher present
- Use UL approved three-prong plug and outlet
Class: Properties of Solutions, Intermolecular Forces, Hydrogen Bonding, Solubility, Equilibrium
Division: General, Physical Chemistry
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