Chemiluminescent Ammonia Fountain
Crystallization from Supersaturated Solutions of Sodium Acetate
Density and Miscibility of Liquids
Electric Conductivity of Liquids and Solutions
Osmotic Pressure of a Sugar Solution
Vapor Pressure of Solutions: Raoult’s Law
A Visual Demonstration of Raoult’s Law
Water Softening – Hard and Soft Water With Soap
Clean Air With the Cottrell Precipitator
Color of Sunset: The Tyndall Effect
Getting Colder: Freezing Point Depression
Getting Hotter: Boiling Point Elevation by Nonvolatile Solutes
Salting Out: Making Liquids Immiscible
Volume Increases Upon Neutralization
Color of Sunset: The Tyndall Effect
Description: A light beam is passed through a suspension of small particles, made either by mixing acid and thiosulfate or by adding milk to water. The transmitted light is reddish in color, scattered light is bluish.
Source: Shakhashiri, B.Z. Chemical Demonstrations: A Handbook for Teachers of Chemistry
Year: 1989 Vol: 3 Page: 353
Keywords: Sols, Tyndall Effect, Sunset, Light-scattering
Rating: 
Hazard: Some
- Electric shock hazard
- Skin corrosion hazard
- Corrosive to metals
- Inhalation hazard
Effectiveness: Good
- Results are observable with guidance
- Good connection from demo to course material
- High reliability
- Time to results is medium
- Contrast between states is noticeable
Difficulty: Low
- Simple procedures
- Simple manipulations for most to perform
- Demos in which a display is used
Safety Precautions:
- Eye protection required
- Gloves recommended
- UL approved plug and three-prong outlet required
- Absorbent material on hand
- Perform in a well-ventilated area
Class: Properties of Solutions, Physics, Macromolecules and Solid State
Division: General, Physical Chemistry
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