Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium
Description: A small amount of liquid bromine is sealed into several glass tubes. Since bromine vapor is highly colored, a qualitative idea of the amount of vapor temperatures can be gained by immersing the tubes in water baths at various temperatures.
Source: Shakhashiri, B.Z. Chemical Demonstrations: A Handbook for Teachers of Chemistry
Year: 1985 Vol: 2 Page: 75
Keywords: Liquid-vapor equilibrium, Bromine, Vapor pressure vs. Temperature
Ratings: 
Hazard: High
- Acute toxicity hazard
- Inhalation hazard
- Chemical burn hazard
- Skin corrosion hazard
- Serious eye damage
- Electric shock hazard
- Flammability hazard
Effectiveness: Good
- Results are clearly observable
- Clear contrast between behavior of systems
- Low failure rate
- Time to results is medium
- Some connection from demo to course material
Difficulty: Low
- Simple manipulations for most to perform
- Simple procedures
- Use of large glassware
Safety Precautions:
- Eye protection required
- Gloves required
- Perform in a well-ventilated area
- Sodium thiosulfate on hand
- Use chemically resistant surface
- Use of UL approved three-prong plug and outlet if required
- ABC fire extinguisher on hand if required
- Absorbent material on hand
Class: Intermolecular Forces, Equilibrium
Division: General
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