Acidity of Aluminum Chloride in Solution
Conductivity and Extent of Dissociation of Acids and Bases
Conductivity of Acetic Acid-Water Mixtures
Effect of Acetic Ion on the Acidity of Acetic Acid
Fizzing Races: Ionization of HCl and Acetic Acid
Using the Formaldehyde Clock Reaction to Show How Buffers Work
Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids
Instrumental Recordings of a Titration Curve
Universal Indicator in the Multiple Ammonia Fountain
Reactions of Carbon Dioxide in Aqueous Solution
Universal Indicator in the Multiple Ammonia Fountain
Description: A multiple ammonia fountain is made by filling several flasks in series with ammonia gas. A few drops of water in the first flask dissolves the ammonia, creating a vacuum that draws in liquid from below. The liquid contains universal indicator, which changes color as more ammonia is dissolved into it.
This demonstration is also available on video and JCE “Chemistry Comes Alive!” Vol.2 CD-Rom.
Source: Shakhashiri, B.Z. Chemical Demonstrations: A Handbook for Teachers of Chemistry
Year: 1989 Vol: 3 Page: 92
Keywords: Fountain effect, Gases, Solubility, Intermolecular forces, Entropy, Indicators
Rating: 
Hazard: Medium
- Acute toxicity hazard
- Inhalation hazard
- Aquatic toxicity hazard
- Skin corrosion hazard
- Corrosive to metals
- Serious eye damage
- Implosion hazard
Effectiveness: Excellent
- Deep connection to course material
- Results clearly observable without guidance
- Counterintuitive effects
- Time to results is low
- Good reliability
Difficulty: Low
- Simple procedures
- Simple manipulations
- Some intermediate steps to results
- Demos at non-standard conditions
Safety Precautions:
- Eye protection required
- Gloves required
- Perform in a well-ventilated area
- Downdraft hood recommended
- Absorbent materials on hand
- Avoid exposure to gases, mists, and vapors
- Sodium bicarbonate on hand
- Prevent release of reagents to the environment
Class: Properties of Solutions, Solubility, Intermolecular Forces, Gas Laws, Acids and Bases
Division: General, Analytical Chemistry
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